International System


ligne décorative

The International System: Understanding Global Relations

Introduction to the International System

The international system refers to the set of institutions, rules, and norms that govern the interactions between states, international organizations, and non-state actors on a global scale. It encompasses the structure of power and influence among states and the mechanisms by which countries engage with one another. The international system is a complex network of relations, shaped by factors such as geopolitics, economics, and cultural differences. Understanding this system is crucial for analyzing global events and predicting future trends in international relations.

Theories of International Relations

Several theories provide frameworks for understanding the international system:

  • Realism: This theory focuses on the anarchic nature of the international system and the struggle for power among states. Realists argue that states act in their national interest, seeking to maximize their power and security in a competitive environment. Key figures include Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz.
  • Liberalism: Liberalism emphasizes cooperation and the role of international institutions in promoting peace and security. It argues that states can work together to achieve common goals, such as economic development and the prevention of conflict. Prominent liberal theorists include Immanuel Kant and John Locke.
  • Constructivism: Constructivism explores how ideas, identities, and norms shape state behavior. It suggests that the international system is not just about power politics but also about the shared beliefs and values that influence interactions. Key proponents include Alexander Wendt and Martha Finnemore.
  • Critical Theory: Critical Theory examines the underlying power structures and social inequalities that affect international relations. It challenges the traditional narratives of realism and liberalism, focusing on issues like global justice, human rights, and the impact of globalization. Scholars like Robert Cox and Andrew Linklater have contributed to this field.

Key Global Actors

The international system consists of various actors playing critical roles in global governance:

  • States: States are the primary actors in the international system, possessing sovereignty and the authority to make and enforce laws. They engage in diplomacy, trade, and military alliances to protect their interests and influence global affairs. Major powers, such as the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union, play significant roles in shaping the international agenda.
  • International Organizations: International organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), facilitate cooperation among states and provide forums for negotiation and dispute resolution. These organizations play a crucial role in addressing global challenges, such as climate change, conflict resolution, and economic development.
  • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs, such as Amnesty International and Greenpeace, are influential in advocating for human rights, environmental protection, and social justice. They often work alongside states and international organizations to bring about change, using strategies like lobbying, awareness campaigns, and direct action.
  • Transnational Corporations: Transnational corporations (TNCs) have significant economic influence, shaping global trade, investment flows, and labor standards. They operate across borders, affecting the economies and policies of multiple states. Their role in the international system is increasingly recognized, especially in discussions about corporate social responsibility and sustainable development.

International Organizations

International organizations play a vital role in maintaining order and promoting cooperation among states:

  • United Nations (UN): Established in 1945, the UN is the world's most prominent international organization. It promotes peace, security, human rights, and sustainable development. The UN Security Council, with its five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US), plays a critical role in addressing global conflicts.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO oversees global trade rules and provides a forum for resolving disputes between member states. It aims to promote free trade, economic development, and the reduction of barriers to trade through negotiation and cooperation.
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF provides financial assistance and policy advice to countries facing economic crises. It monitors global economic trends, offers technical expertise, and supports member states in implementing economic reforms.
  • World Health Organization (WHO): The WHO is responsible for coordinating global health efforts, providing health education, setting international health standards, and responding to pandemics and health emergencies.

Current Global Challenges

The international system faces several challenges that require collective action:

  • Climate Change: Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the global community. Rising temperatures, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and environmental degradation pose threats to food security, health, and economies worldwide. International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to mitigate the impact of climate change through global cooperation.
  • Conflict and Security: Ongoing conflicts in regions like Syria, Yemen, and Africa’s Sahel are exacerbating human suffering and displacement. The international community works through the UN and other frameworks to mediate conflicts, provide humanitarian aid, and support peacebuilding efforts.
  • Global Health: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a coordinated global response to health crises. The WHO, G20, and other organizations work together to ensure equitable access to vaccines, treatments, and medical supplies, while also addressing the economic impact of the pandemic.
  • Economic Inequality: The gap between developed and developing countries continues to widen, exacerbating poverty and limiting opportunities for economic growth. International cooperation is essential for addressing issues like debt relief, investment in infrastructure, and the promotion of fair trade practices.

The Future of the International System

The future of the international system will be shaped by various factors and trends:

  • Technological Advancements: The rise of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, will transform the way states and international organizations interact. These technologies will impact cybersecurity, economic decision-making, and the management of global resources.
  • Shift in Global Power: The balance of power in the international system is shifting, with emerging powers like China and India gaining influence. The role of the US as a global leader is being reevaluated, and new alliances are forming around common interests, such as climate change and economic development.
  • Increasing Interdependence: As globalization continues, states and non-state actors are more interdependent than ever before. This creates opportunities for cooperation but also risks of conflict over resources, territory, and ideological differences.
  • Focus on Sustainability and Inclusivity: The international system is increasingly emphasizing sustainability, equity, and inclusivity. Efforts to address global challenges like climate change, poverty, and human rights are becoming central to international policy agendas, as the world seeks to build a more equitable and stable system.

The international system is constantly evolving, shaped by the actions of states, international organizations, and non-state actors. Understanding this system is essential for addressing global challenges and ensuring a more secure, just, and sustainable world for future generations.

* * * EUROPE * * *



Commission européenne (wikipedia)

Comission Européenne

Union européenne


fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

europe.gouv.fr

senat.fr/europe

touteleurope.fr

europa.eu

visiteurope.com

jobs-ete-europe.com

fr.weather.yahoo.com/europe

notre-europe.eu

europeantour.com

ec.europa.eu

refugees.org

osce.org

Conseil_de_l%27Europe (wikipedia)

ena.lu

coe.int

europa.eu

coe.int

ocde.fr

eurovision.tv








A propos de la France...

France

La France est un pays situé en Europe de l'Ouest. Il est bordé au nord par la mer du Nord, la Belgique et le Luxembourg, à l'est par l'Allemagne et la Suisse, au sud par l'Italie et la Monaco, et à l'ouest par l'océan Atlantique. La France est la plus grande de l'Union Européenne en termes de superficie et de population. C'est une république constitutionnelle semi-présidentielle avec une capitale à Paris.

La France est connue pour sa longue histoire, ses monuments historiques, son patrimoine culturel, sa cuisine, son vin et sa mode. La Tour Eiffel, Notre-Dame de Paris, le Louvre et les Champs-Élysées sont quelques-uns des sites les plus connus de France. La cuisine française est considérée comme l'une des meilleures au monde et est connue pour ses plats tels que la bouillabaisse, la ratatouille et les escargots. Le vin français est également célèbre dans le monde entier et est produit dans plusieurs régions, telles que la Bourgogne, la Champagne et la Vallée de la Loire.

Le pays est également connu pour son système éducatif de qualité, qui est gratuit pour les citoyens français et les résidents étrangers. La France est un centre important pour la recherche scientifique et technologique, et les universités françaises sont reconnues pour leur excellence académique. Le pays a également une longue tradition dans les arts et les sciences, et a été le foyer de nombreux scientifiques, artistes et écrivains célèbres, tels que Louis Pasteur, Claude Monet et Victor Hugo.

En termes économiques, la France est l'un des plus grands pays de l'Union Européenne et est un important exportateur de produits tels que les vins, les produits pharmaceutiques et les produits électroniques. Cependant, le pays a connu des difficultés économiques ces dernières années, notamment en raison de l'augmentation du chômage et de la dette publique.

En conclusion, la France est un pays riche en histoire, culture et patrimoine, avec un système éducatif de qualité, une tradition dans les arts et les sciences, et une économie solide. C'est un endroit idéal pour les touristes, les étudiants et les entreprises.

fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

paris.fr

parisrama.com

pariscope.fr

sortiraparis.com

lille.fr

lyon.fr

marseille.fr

  • cite-sciences.fr - Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie - Paris
  • cite-sciences.fr - Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie - Paris

    daliparis.com - DALI , ESPACE MONTMARTRE - PARIS-MUSEE

    educnet.education.fr - Educnet nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication pour l'éducation - TICE - TIC Enseignement


    Musée du Louvre


    Musée du Louvre (.edu)

    Musée du Louvre - Wikipédia

    Musée du Louvre

    Paris Pages; Musee du Louvre - Information


    Musée du Louvre
    musée maillol primitifs modernes, art moderne, art contemporain, l'abstraction
    Musée national des Arts asiatiques-Guimet, Paris
    Musée national du Moyen Age - (musee Cluny Paris)
    Musée national Picasso Paris (Pablo Picasso museum)
    Musées de France - Accueil
    pagesjaunes.fr, demandez c'est trouvé !
    PLU - Urbanisme et logement - Mairie de Paris
    Recrutements & concours - Paris.fr

    Théâtres


    Act Up-Paris Oncle Paul au Théâtre du Rond-Point

    Comédie-Française

    Cours de théâtre à Paris

    Etudiant de Paris le portail de la vie étudiante - Carte blanche aux étudiants - Accueil

    FESTIVAL D'AUTOMNE A PARIS - THEATRE - DANSE - MUSIQUE - CINEMA - ARTS

    Le site Officiel du Théâtre de la Marionnette à Paris

    Odéon - Théâtre de l'Europe

    Orchestre de Paris

    Paris-Billets Spectacles

    Résultats de la recherche

    Sortiraparis.com sortir Paris, concerts Paris, expositions Paris, théâtres Paris, musées Paris

    The Paris Pages - Les Pages de Paris - Paris.Org - The Web's First Site About The City Of Light - Since 14 July 1994

    Theatre de la Ville, Theatre des Abbesses - Paris

    theatre-contemporain.net - Créations et écriture théâtrales contemporaines du monde

    Theâtre de Paris

    Théatre des Champs-Elysées

    Théâtre 13 -

    Théâtre du Rond-Point

    Théâtre On Line La billetterie, le guide des spectacles, le jouranl du théâtre, l'avis du public, l'annuaire...

    Théâtre Paris Villette

    Théâtres & Spectacles Paris Agenda des sorties Théâtre & Spectacle Paris

    lille.fr

    nanterre.fr

    lyon.fr

    museum-lyon.org : Muséum - Département du Rhône

    bordeaux.fr

    rouen.fr

    cannes.fr

    marseille.fr

    cannes.fr

    politiquedevie.net

    pagesjaunes.fr

    eurovision.tv





    About United Kingdom

    United Kingdom

    The United Kingdom (UK) is a country located in Europe and is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK is one of the world's oldest parliamentary democracies and has a rich and diverse cultural heritage. The country has a population of over 66 million people and its capital city is London.

    The UK has a mixed economy, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of over 2.8 trillion dollars. The country is a leading producer of goods and services, including finance, professional services, and creative industries. The UK is also a leading exporter of goods and services, including pharmaceuticals, machinery, and high-tech products.

    The UK is a constitutional monarchy, with a monarch as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. The country has a two-party political system, with the Conservative and Labour parties being the two major political parties. The UK is a member of the European Union (EU) and has a strong influence in international affairs.

    The UK is also known for its historic institutions and landmarks, including the Tower of London, Buckingham Palace, and the Houses of Parliament. The country is home to a number of world-renowned universities, including the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. The UK is also a leader in the arts, with a vibrant theater scene, numerous galleries and museums, and a thriving music industry.

    The UK is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and is a major military power. The country has been involved in a number of international conflicts, including World War I, World War II, and the Falklands War. The UK has also been involved in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, including operations in Bosnia and Kosovo.

    In conclusion, the UK is a dynamic and influential country, with a rich cultural heritage and a strong economic, political, and military presence. The country is a leading producer of goods and services, and is home to a diverse and vibrant population. The UK is a member of the EU and continues to play a significant role in international affairs.





    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_britain

    Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill

    winstonchurchill.org

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill

    Her Majesty the Queen

    royal.gov.uk

    royal.uk/royal-family

    instagram.com/theroyalfamily

    twitter.com/royalfamily

    bbc.com/news/topics/c77jz3md4qwt/uk-royal-family

    thesun.co.uk/topic/royal-family/

    gov.uk



    www.conservatives.com




    BBC - homepage - Home of the BBC on the Internet

    londonjob.net

    jobscity.net

    footsie.org.uk

    Index of -images-11.03-london

    Transport for London homepage - Transport for London

    best-schools.co.uk

    city.ac.uk

    lon.ac.uk

    ox.ac.uk

    cam.ac.uk

    scit.wlv.ac.uk

    bris.ac.uk

    soton.ac.uk

    arcadia.edu

    cam.ac.uk

    keele.ac.uk

    www2.warwick.ac.uk

    gla.ac.uk

    lums.lancs.ac.uk

    lboro.ac.uk

    shef.ac.uk





    About United States of America

    United States of America

    The United States of America (USA) is a country located in North America. It is the third largest country in the world by area, covering an area of 9.8 million square kilometers. The country is made up of 50 states, the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.), and several territories. The United States has a population of over 328 million people, making it the third most populous country in the world.

    The United States has a rich cultural heritage, with influences from Native American, African American, European, Asian, and Latin American cultures. The country is known for its diverse landscapes, including the Grand Canyon, the Rocky Mountains, and the Great Plains. The United States is also home to a number of world-famous cities, such as New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

    The United States has a capitalist mixed economy, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of over 21 trillion dollars. The country is a leading producer of goods and services, including technology, machinery, and consumer goods. The country is also a leading exporter of agricultural products, such as corn, soybeans, and wheat.

    The United States is a constitutional federal republic, with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. The country has a two-party political system, with the Democratic and Republican parties being the two major political parties. The country has a strong tradition of freedom of speech, religion, and the press, enshrined in the First Amendment to the Constitution.

    The United States is also a major military power, with the largest military budget in the world. The country has been involved in a number of international conflicts, including World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. The country has also been involved in military operations in the Middle East, including the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

    In conclusion, the United States is a dynamic and influential country, with a rich cultural heritage and a strong economic, political, and military presence. The country is a leading producer of goods and services, and is home to a diverse and vibrant population. The United States is a beacon of freedom and democracy, and continues to play a significant role in the global community.


    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

    us.com

    usa.com



    High Finance

    wall-street.com

    financialtimes.net

    dowjones.com

    ldh.org

    bloomberg.com

    economics.alltop.com

    dowjones.com

    google.com/finance

    guardian.co.uk

    europe.wsj.com : Wall Street Journal

    moneycontrol.com

    economist.com

    nytimes.net

    bce.lu BCE - Broadcasting Center Europe

    NATO Official Homepage
    whitehouse.gov defense.gov
    navy.mil
    forcenet.navy.mil
    pentagon.com
    pentagontours.osd.mil/
    greatbuildings.com/buildings/The_Pentagon.html
    fbi.gov - Federal Bureau of Investigation
    nsa.gov - National Security Agency
    United States House of Representatives - 107th Congress
    losangeles.fbi.gov - FBI Los Angeles Field Office
    foia.fbi.gov - Federal Bureau of Investigation - Freedom of Information Privacy Act
    fbi.gov - Federal Bureau of Investigation
    www.hq.nasa.gov
    http://gov.gov

    New York Times

    CNN

    TIME Magazine - News Magazine - Current Events

    mtv.com

    USAToday.com

    financialtimes.net

    Business.gov

    nces.ed.gov

    fulbright-france.org

    usinfo.state.gov

    commerce.gov

    educationusa.state.gov

    nsa.gov

    ed.gov USNEI-Foreign Diploma and Credit Recognition

    wes.org World Education Services - International Education Intelligence

    FMI

    imf.org (FMI)(International Monetary Fund Home Page)

    fmi.org - Food Marketing Institute

    fmi.fr - Société d'infogérance externalisation et infogerance par FMI

    enchantedlearning.com - Grand Union Flag - EnchantedLearning.com

    unog.ch - United Nations Office at Geneva

    un.org - Welcome to the UN. It's your world.

    legisweb.state.wy.us - Wyoming State Legislature

    thesun.co.uk


    New York Times

    CNN.com

    www.time.com

    Guardian Unlimited

    www.newyorker.com

    www.wired.com

    Jane's Information Group

    MetroSpy - Modern American Traditions, Culture & Influence Boycott French Products

    Mirror.co.uk

    NewsMax.com - America's News Page

    Pulp.com

    Radio-Canada.ca

    telegragh.com

    Telegraph Opinion

    Telegraph Online

    The New York Times on the Web

    The Sun Newspaper Online - UK's biggest selling newspaper

    TIME Magazine - News Magazine - Current Events

    USAToday.com

    World, UK and Business news and comment from The Times and The Sunday Times, Times Online

    Women Newspaper

    womennewsnetwork.net

    www.allure.com

    www.bridalguide.com

    www.brides.com

    www.chatelaine.com

    www.cosmopolitan.com

    www.essence.com

    www.flare.com

    www.harpersbazaar.com

    www.instyle.com

    www.lhj.com

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    ww.modernbride.com

    www.aarp.org/magazine

    www.self.com

    www.womansday.com

    www.wwd.com

    www.westcoastwoman.com

    ww.osceolawoman.com

    womensenews.org

    wwwm.ercercountywoman.com

    www.womannewspapers.com




    www.nato.int - NATO Official Homepage

    Deutschland

    wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland

    Das Deutschland-Portal Home page

    deutsch-online.com Deutsch lernen [ Deutsch als Fremdsprache - DaF ] Grammatik DaF Übungen Uebungen

    www.web.de

    Deutsch Inc.

    www.dw-world.de

    Seekport.com

    verschwin.de - gib mir dein Wort.

    Allemagne - Wikipédia

    www.deutschecd.co Deutsch connectors for Defense-Aerospace, Industrial, Hermetic and Communications Applications from Deutsch ECD

    Allemagne Guide de voyage Allemagne Routard.com

    Allemagne - Vacances en Allemagne, le guide de voyage

    www.paris.diplo.de Ambassade d'Allemagne Paris - Page d'accueil

    www.allemagne-tourisme.com Bienvenue en Allemagne

    Histoire de l'Allemagne - Wikipédia

    zitat-archiv.com zitate,sprüche und weisheiten von konfuzius




    Autriche

    Autriche - Wikipédia

    Belgique

    Belgique - Wikipédia

    Bulgarie

    Bulgarie - Wikipédia

    Chypre

    Chypre (pays) - Wikipédia

    Chypre du Nord - Wikipédia

    Île de Chypre - Wikipédia

    Danemark

    Danemark - Wikipédia




    Espagne

    Espagne - Wikipédia

    BCN.ES. OMIC

    www.espagne-facile.com

    www.elmundo.es

    www.elperiodico.com

    www.elpais.com

    www.efe.com

    www.abc.es

    www.larazon.es

    www.cincodias.com

    www.intereconomia.com

    www.marca.com

    www.as.com

    Estonie

    Estonie - Wikipédia

    Finlande

    Finlande - Wikipédia

    Grèce

    Ellada.com - Essential Information about Greece

    Greece

    Grèce - Wikipédia

    Mythologie grecque - Wikipédia

    Hongrie

    Hongrie - Wikipédia

    Irlande

    Irlande - Wikipédia

    Italie

    Italie - Wikipédia

    www.repubblica.it

    www.lastampa.it

    www.iltempo.it

    www.ilmessaggero.it

    www.ilmondo.rcs.it

    www.ilfoglio.it

    www.ilmessaggero.it

    www.vatican.va

    www.ilsole24ore.com

    www.panorama.it

    www.gazzettaufficiale.it

    www.quattroruote.it

    www.avvenire.it

    www.gazzetta.it

    www.quattroruote.it

    www.gazzettino.it

    www.ilmondo.rcs.it

    www.gds.it

    www.gazzettino.it

    www.ilmondo.rcs.it

    www.gazzettino.it

    www.ilmondo.rcs.it

    www.gds.it

    www.ilmondo.rcs.it

    www.gazzettadelsud.it

    www.iltirreno.quotidianiespresso.it

    www.ilmondo.rcs.it

    www.gazzettadimantova.quotidianiespresso.it

    www.iltirreno.quotidianiespresso.it

    www.internazionale.it

    www.internazionale.it

    www.liberazione.it



    Lituanie

    Lituanie - Wikipédia

    Luxembourg

    Luxembourg (ville) - Wikipédia

    Malte

    Malte - Wikipédia

    Pays Bas

    Amsterdam - Wikipédia

    La Haye - Wikipédia

    Pays-Bas (homonymie) - Wikipédia

    Pologne

     

    Pologne - Wikipédia

    Portugal

    Portugal - Wikipédia

    Roumanie

    Roumanie - Wikipédia

    Lettonie

    Lettonie - Wikipédia

    République Tchèque

    République tchèque - Wikipédia
    Tchèque - Wikipédia

    Suisse

    Suisse - Wikipédia

    gov.ch - Homepage

    www.swissworld.org Le portail officiel d'informations sur la Suisse - Suisse - Informations

    Suisse Guide de voyage Suisse Routard.com

    www.military.chArmée Suisse - Swiss Military Net - Schweizer Armee

    Turquie

    Turquie - Wikipédia

    Slovenie

    Suède

    Inde

    Iran

    www.mainichi.co.jp

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

    http://www.japan.com

    Asashi Shimbun

    www.japanbusinessdaily.com

    japanstadium.com

    www.nikkei.com

    www.sankei.jp.msn.com

    www.yomiuri.co.jp

    www.tokyo-np.co.jp

    femalejapan.com

    japanradionews.com

    www.chunichi.co.jp

    www.nishinippon.co.jp

    www.hokkaido-np.co.jp

    www.okinawatimes.co.jp

    www.nagasakipost.com

    www.nagoyapost.com

    www.wn.com/tokyohello

    www.jame-world.com

    jjap.ipap.jp

    www.japantimes.co.jp

    www.mofa.go.jp

    www.jbic.go.jp

    www.japanesebugfights.com

    www.history.navy.mil

    www.cdjapan.co.jp

    web-japan.orgkidsweb

    japanesefood.about.com

    www.xjapanmusic.com

    www.rothteien.com

    www.japanmusicweek.com

    www.jp-musicet.com

    cooljapanmusic.com

    japanmusicmarketing.com

    www.hmv.co.jp

    www.japanimprov.com

    www.justjapan.org

    www.japantimes.co.jp

    http://www.japanfiles.com

    www.japanaradio.com

    saku-cooljapanmusic.jp/

    www.japan-music.fr

    www.jp-musicet.com

    Australie

    whitepages.com.au - Search for an Australian Business, Government or Person

    Canada

    Arts

    Chenmen - Le Portail de la Chine Traditionnelle

    China Daily Website - Connecting China Connecting the World

    Chine Guide de voyage Chine Routard.com

    Chine - Wikipédia

    Chine Informations - La Chine, le chinois

    http--www.imcg.net-gpd-asia-china.pdf

    Media

    République populaire de Chine - Wikipédia

    amb-chine.fr

    toutelachine.com : histoire, géographie, actualité CLICS D'OR grand prix du public

    China-window

    ƒTƒ_ƒ_ƒlƒbƒg

    Colombie

    Cuba

    Liste des pays du monde - Wikipédia

    Mappy - plans, itinéraires, guide d'adresses en Europe

    Polynésie Francaise

    Quebec

    Serbie

    Vietnam

    Vietnam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Internetcalls - The Free Internet Calls Company

    http://www.intelligenceonline.fr/ - Les services français

    LIVE Backstage

    NASA Headquarters

    The Annual NORAD Tracks Santa Claus Website

    Israël

    fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/israel

    www.tel-aviv.gov.il

    fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaïsme

    rabbi.com

    fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah

    fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme

    pagesperso-orange.fr/revue.shakti/judaisme.htm

    www.modia.org/

    stehly.chez-alice.fr/judaisme.htm

    www.curiosphere.tv/judaisme/

    www.col.fr/

    www.judaica.net/

    www.obseques-liberte.com/rites-funeraires-religion/judaisme.htm

    www.feujworld.com

    www.icq.com

    www.aljazeera.net

    english.aljazeera.net

    Culture musulmane

    Islamarabe

    fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_du_Coran

    www.algerie360.com

    www.yabiladi.com/coran

    www.saint-coran.net

    www.miraclesducoran.com

    www.lexilogos.com/coran.htm

    oumma.com/coran

    www.mp3quran.net/fr

    islamfrance.free.fr/coran.html

    www.coran.cc

    Africa Business Daily

    Africa Travel and Africa Safaris Africa.com

    www.orientalement.com

    site.voila.fr/arabiat

    www.ifrance.fr/islamarabe/apprendre_lire_ecrire.htm

    www.libanvision.com/cours-arabe.htm

    http://www.langue-arabe.com

    о России

    Russia

    Россия – огромная страна, расположенная в Восточной Европе и Восточной Азии. Это самая большая страна в мире по площади суши, занимающая более 17 миллионов квадратных километров. Население России составляет около 144 миллионов человек, и это девятая по численности населения страна в мире.

    Россия имеет долгую и богатую историю, насчитывающую несколько столетий. В IX веке было основано Российское княжество, которое впоследствии объединилось в современную Россию в 1613 году. В XIX веке Россия превратилась в крупную державу в Европе и Азии с процветающей экономикой, мощной военной и территориальной расширение

    В 1917 году Октябрьская революция ознаменовалась рождением Советского Союза во главе с большевиками. СССР был коммунистическим режимом, просуществовавшим до 1991 года, когда Перестройка и гласность привели к распаду Советского Союза и образованию современной Российской Федерации.

    В настоящее время Россия является федеративной демократической страной с президентом, избираемым в рамках многопартийной системы правления. Экономика России разнообразна, в ней высоко развиты такие отрасли, как энергетика, металлургия, информационные технологии и услуги.

    В культурном отношении Россия богата искусством, литературой, музыкой и театром. Россия также известна своими кулинарными традициями, такими как икра, блины и водка. Россия является преимущественно православной страной и имеет много исторических церквей и монастырей, таких как Св. Собор Василия Блаженного в Москве и Петропавловская крепость в Санкт-Петербурге. Петербург

    В заключение, Россия – огромная и разнообразная страна с многовековой историей, богатой культурой и развивающейся экономикой. Это федеративная демократическая страна с разнообразной экономикой и уникальной политической системой. Россия также известна своим искусством, литературой, музыкой, кухней и православными религиозными традициями.





    Союз Советских Социалистических Республик



    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

    Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин

    Vladimir Poutine

    www.putin-today.ru

    www.v-v-putin.ru

    premier.gov.ru

    kremlin.ru

    medvedev.kremlin.ru

    лади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин - Vladimir Poutine - Wikipédia

    Дми́трий Анато́льевич Медве́дев - Dmitri Medvedev - Wikipédia

    Гарри Кимович Каспаров - Garry Kasparov - Wikipédia

    Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov : Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов - Wikipédia

    https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_le_Terrible - Wikipédia




    yandex.com

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    газета - Newspapers

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    MAXIMUM.ru

    www.ambafrance-ru.org

    mumiitroll.com - All about mumiitroll.com

    Newradicals.com - le nom de domaine newradicals.com est à vendre sur Sedo

    Russie.net, le Web franco-russe - France Russie - Paris Moscou Saint-Pétersbourg

    russland.RU die Internet - Zeitung aus Russland Aktuelles aus Russland, Analysen aus Russland, Hintergrund - Reisetipps und Kle

    http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire - The Empire That Was Russia The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated (A Library of Congress Exhibition)

    zemfiraonline.da.ru

    community.livejournal.com

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    THE BEATLES BACK IN THE U.S.S.R

    t.A.T.u

    Zemfira






    Président de l'Ukraine : Президент України

    політична україна



    gazeta.ua

    day.kyiv.ua

    rozetka.com.ua

    lb.ua

    wolf.ua

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    політична україна


    unn.com.ua/uk/news/politics

    tsn.ua/politika

    radiosvoboda.org/z/633

    suspilne.media/politics/

    unian.ua/politics

    minjust.gov.ua/m/4561

    rbc.ua/ukr/politics

    politics.segodnya.ua/ua

    opendatabot.ua/c/40251358